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authorJakob Kaivo <jkk@ung.org>2022-03-04 12:32:20 -0500
committerJakob Kaivo <jkk@ung.org>2022-03-04 12:32:20 -0500
commit55f277e77428d7423ae906a8e1f1324d35b07a7d (patch)
tree5c1c04703dff89c46b349025d2d3ec88ea9b3819 /miralib/manual/13/2
import Miranda 2.066 from upstream
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+_L_i_s_t_ _c_o_m_p_r_e_h_e_n_s_i_o_n_s
+
+ [exp | qualifiers]
+
+List of all `exp' such that `qualifiers'. If there are two or more
+qualifiers they are separated by semicolons. Each qualifier is either a
+generator, of which the allowed forms are
+
+ pattern-list <- exp (first form)
+
+ pattern <- exp, exp .. (second form)
+
+or else a filter, which is a boolean expression restricting the range of
+the variables introduced by preceding generators. The variables
+introduced on the left of each `<-' are local to the list comprehension.
+
+Some examples
+
+ sqs = [ n*n | n<-[1..] ]
+
+ factors n = [ r | r<-[1..n div 2]; n mod r = 0 ]
+
+ knights_moves [i,j] = [ [i+a,j+b] | a,b<-[-2..2]; a^2+b^2=5 ]
+
+Notice that a list of variables on the lhs of a `<-' is shorthand for
+multiple generators, e.g. `i,j<-thing' expands to `i<-thing; j<-thing'.
+
+The variables introduced by the generators come into scope from left to
+right, so later generators can make use of variables introduced by
+earlier ones. An example of this is shown by the following definition
+of a function for generating all the permutations of a given list.
+
+ perms [] = [[]]
+ perms x = [ a:p | a<-x; p<-perms(x--[a]) ]
+
+The second form of generator allows the construction of lists from
+arbitrary recurrence relations, thus
+ x <- a, f x ..
+causes x to assume in turn the values `a', `f a', `f(f a)', etc.
+
+An example of its use is in the following definition of the fibonacci
+series
+
+ fibs = [ a | (a,b) <- (1,1), (b,a+b) .. ]
+
+Another example is given by the following expression which lists the
+powers of two
+
+ [ n | n <- 1, 2*n .. ]
+
+The order of enumeration of a list comprehension with multiple
+generators is like that of nested for-loops, with the rightmost
+generator as the innermost loop. For example the value of the
+comprehension [ f x y | x<-[1..4]; y<-[1..4] ] is
+
+ [ f 1 1, f 1 2, f 1 3, f 1 4, f 2 1, f 2 2, f 2 3, f 2 4,
+ f 3 1, f 3 2, f 3 3, f 3 4, f 4 1, f 4 2, f 4 3, f 4 4 ]
+
+As a consequence of this order of enumeration of multiple generators, if
+any generator other than the first (leftmost) is infinite, some
+combinations of values will never be reached in the enumeration. To
+overcome this a second, _d_i_a_g_o_n_a_l_i_s_i_n_g, form of list comprehension is
+provided (see separate manual section).
+
+Note that list comprehensions do NOT remove duplicates from the result
+list. To remove duplicates from a list, apply the standard function
+`mkset'.
+